India’s million-plus cities offer women more regular wage jobs and better earnings than the urban average. But MoSPI data also shows a sharp gender income gap and care burden.
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PLFS 2025
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Female Workforce Participation in Cities With Population Over 10 Lakh Rises to 27.2%. Now Look at the City Behind the Number.
by Kabir Jainby Kabir JainNSO data shows female workforce participation in cities with a population of over 10 lakh has risen to 27.2%. The rise is significant, but childcare and homemaking remain major barriers.
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A new EAC-PM working paper shows that women’s labour participation is rising, but women remain more likely than men to work without formal contracts, benefits or protection.
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MoSPI’s PLFS shows a modest rise in women’s participation driven by rural self-employment, while urban female unemployment ticked up to 9.0%. We unpack the risks and the reforms cities need …